Synthetic DNA represents a groundbreaking advancement in biotechnology, offering the ability to create artificial genetic sequences in the laboratory. Unlike traditional methods that manipulate existing DNA, synthetic DNA is built from scratch, mimicking the natural molecule’s structure but tailored to specific needs. This technology has already been employed to construct entire bacterial genomes and some chromosomes from other microorganisms. However, its yield is still far from recreating genomes of human size, though it is expected that this milestone will be achieved in the future.
Unlike gene editing, which modifies existing DNA, synthetic DNA focuses on the creation of new genes or entire genetic sequences. This allows for innovative applications in medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. Synthetic DNA could enable the development of synthetic organisms capable of producing biofuels or pharmaceuticals, and it holds promise for applications like vaccine production and even large-scale data storage.
However, as with any transformative technology, synthetic DNA raises complex ethical questions. One of the most pressing issues is biosecurity. The ability to synthesize DNA opens the door to the recreation of harmful pathogens, posing a bioterrorism risk. On the other hand, the same technique could be used to recover damaged or extinct plant or animal species, creating new opportunities for biodiversity conservation but also raising concerns about ecological balance and the ethical implications of bringing back extinct life.
Another significant ethical concern is the possibility of having genetically unrelated children. Synthetic DNA could allow the creation of embryos without using gametes from a biological mother or father, fundamentally reshaping reproduction and parenthood. While this may offer solutions for individuals unable to conceive naturally, it also poses questions about identity, kinship, and the societal implications of decoupling genetics from parenthood. Synthetic DNA could theoretically allow for the creation of “designer babies,” where genetic traits are selected or altered to produce offspring with specific characteristics, such as enhanced intelligence or physical abilities. This raises questions about fairness, social inequality, and the potential commodification of human life.
Additionally, synthetic DNA challenges our concept of what is “natural.” By creating artificial organisms, scientists blur the line between what is human-made and naturally occurring, sparking philosophical debates about humanity’s role in designing life.
As synthetic DNA technology advances, ethical frameworks must evolve to address these challenges. Transparent discussions involving scientists, policymakers, and the public will be critical to ensuring that this powerful tool is used responsibly and equitably, balancing its potential benefits with its profound ethical implications.
Sara Borrell postdoctoral researcher in reproductive medicine at IIS La Fe (Valencia, Spain).
Predoctoral researcher in the Department of Philosophy II at University of Granada (Granada, Spain), where he is conducting a research on the ethical aspects of disruptive technologies of assisted reproduction.